A total 416 demonstrations were conducted under vegetable based intervention module which included 150 demonstrations on Okra (var. Kashi Kranti, Navya(F1)), 51 demonstrations on bottle gourd (var. Kashi Ganga & Vigro (GSH-2)), 51 demonstrations on sponge gourd (var. Kashi Divya), 48 demonstrations on pumpkin (var. Hybrid Vishal and Kashi Harit), 73 demonstrations on chilli (var. G-4 & Divyajyoti), 10 demonstrations on carrot (var. Kashi Arun), 29 demonstrations on radish (var. Kashi Ardra) and 14 demonstrations on garden pea (var. Kashi Uday) during the period.
A total of 278 demonstrations on oilseed crops, sesame (var. Pragati) and mustard (var. Kanti and Azad Mahak (KMR (E) 15-2)) were conducted in project villages during 2016-17 to 2024-25.

5.Model Pulse Villages through Integrated Technological Interventions

a. Established two Rural Pulse Processing hubs in Kahnpur Dehat and Fatehpur district each. Two farmers societies (19 members) TDKS and SKUS in Kandhi, Kandhi Ki Madhaiya were engaged. A sum of INR 21379 (1416 kg processed pulses) including INR 8016 (87.75 kg) from selling of processed pulses and INR 13363 (1328 kg) from pulse processing was generated.

b. Contributing to seed production, partner farmer produced 2546 kg seed including 1584 kg mung bean (var. Virat & Shikha) (INR 158491) and 1070 kg of Chickpea (var. IPC 2011-112) (INR 71454).

c. Two custom hiring centers were established in Kanpur Dehat and Fatehpur district each. Two Farmers’ Societies were engaged (SKUS, PSKUS) and generated INR 31335 (18 ha; 50 farmers from Ingwara, Kandhi, Korawa).

d. CSS training (17) and Field day (01): 872 Partner Farmers and Farm women

e. Other Support to the interventions: Approximately 100 farm implements were provided to partner farmers; soil testing of 200 partner farmers was done and 6 Vermicompost units were established.

6.Front Line demonstrations Front Line Demonstrations (FLDs)

Front Line demonstrations Front Line Demonstrations (FLDs) offer a direct interaction between scientists and farmers for showcasing the potential of improved production technologies to farmers in real field conditions and generating feedback for researchers. Division of social sciences conducted a total 36851 technology demonstrations on pulse technologies in different production situations and agro climatic zones of Uttar Pradesh state. These demonstrations were organized in project villages of Kanpur dehat, Kanpur Nagar, Fatehpur, Unnao, Shahjahanpur, Hamirpur, Chitrakoot and Jalaun districts of Uttar Pradesh state. These participatory demonstrations on package technologies including recommended situation specific high yielding along with matching pulse production technologies.

II. Digital extension approaches:

• a. Web portal
  e-dalhangyanmanch is a interactive website developed in Hindi for knowledge sharing with pulse farmers, extension personnel and other stakeholders. It is a dynamic web portal with validated knowledge modules on seven major pulse crops i.e, chickpea, pigeonpea, lentil, Urdbean, mungbean, pigeonpea and kabuli chickpea covering crop production, protection and post-harvest handling technologies. Seven Varietal Information Systems for all major pulse crops is integrated to helps the user to identify recommended varieties with reference to the preferred traits for a particular district of the country. In addition, two images based diagnostic tools for insect pest & diseases and weeds of pulse crops are integrated in the web portal. The web portal has integrated Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) pertaining to all the 7 pulse crops, video modules developed by institute, Feedback window, success stories, and institute publications on the home page of the website. The English version of the webportal e Knowledge Platform on Pulse Crops was launched on 5th September 2021 for wider use by stakeholders. The web portal has 2,26,220 users till date.

• b. An E learning portal on Pulses (e LeaP-P)
  with integration of 150 video modules on pulse production technologies and successful experience of farmers in Bengali, Marathi, Odia, Tamil and Kannada.

• c. Mobile application
  (https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.smsquare.chanamitra&hl=en_IN)
  
  “Chanamitra” is a web enabled initiative developed in collaboration with AICRP (chickpea) for reaching the larger mass of chickpea growers with updated information and advisories related to improved chickpea production. The app has been developed in five languages, Hindi, English, telegu, kannada and Marathi. This app provides information related to improved chickpea varieties, crop production technologies, crop protection technologies for management of insect pest and diseases, post-harvest technologies as well as information related to market price and weather, which can be easily accessed by farmers and other stakeholders for making informed decisions. The application is published in Google play store and available for free download. The app was launched on 22 Dec. 2016 on occasion of closing ceremony of International Year of Pulses by Honourable Union Minister of Agriculture, Government of India, New Delhi. The said app has 4.9 star rating with 3210 plus downloads till date. Farmers are using the app across the nation for receiving solutions to the problem faced by them in their fields by sending queries in text and photographic forms.

• d . Dalhan Sandesh
  Farmer centric mobile based voice SMS advisory service-DalhanSandesh was designed to improve the farmers’ access to information related to pulse production technologies on real time basis. This digital service used participatory methodologies based on farmers’ information needs and skill level. The service was adapted on basis of feedback from farmers. The service was designed for about 3500 partner farmers from seven districts of Uttar Pradesh state namely, Jalaun, Banda ,Fatehpur, Chitrakoot, Hamirpur, Kanpur dehat, Balia and Kanpur nagar districts. Context specific and need based advisories related to major pulse crops (chickpea, pigeon pea, field pea, mung bean, urdbean) were structured and delivered to partner farmers. More than 2, 00,000 customized advisories were sent till date on pulse crops.

• e. Videos mediated extension model
  For achieving enhanced comprehension of among farmers, 150 nos videos modules on critical pulse production technologies and successful experiences of partner farmers have been prepared under project “Development of e learning platform on Pulses (e leap –Pulses)” by Division of Social Sciences. This includes videos in Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, Kannada, Tamil languages for wider reach among pulse growers of the country. These video modules are also made available on YouTube channel named “ICAR-IIPR Pulse farmer corner”, created for the purpose. The channel has reached 3.20 lakh views with about 5.19 K subscribers.

• f. Dalhan Pathshala on AIR, Kanpur: An initiative for addressing information needs of farmers:
  Radio is well recognized as a widely accessible and cost-effective digital tool for disseminating information, news, and entertainment among the masses. Radio is being utilized as a supplementary extension tool to connect pulse growers with experts and technology developers, through an initiative of institute called Dalhan Pathshala on AIR. This radio program integrates scientific knowledge on pulse production technologies and covers a wide range of relevant topics. It is aired on All India Radio, Kanpur, reaching approximately 70 lakh people across Kanpur Nagar, Kanpur Dehat, Unnao, Fatehpur, and Hamirpur districts in Uttar Pradesh. The program consists of 20 episodes, addressing various aspects of pulse cultivation, including improved pulse varieties, production techniques, post-harvest management and crop protection strategies

III. Documentation of Value chain of Pulses

Value chain refers to the entire range of activities involved in bringing out products or services from initiation to different phases of production to distribution, reaching the consumers and final disposal after use. Value Chain Analysis (VCA) ascertains the degree of relationships among the actors and coordination mechanism with focus on the dynamics of complex linkages within a network involving suppliers, distributors, partners, and collaborators. The value chains of major pulses in Bundelkhand region of UP was documented for generating appropriate empirical evidence to better understanding among researchers for generating appropriate technological innovations as well as for supporting farmers to develop an understanding on aspects of reducing the losses and cost as along with working on building capacities for greater farm returns. Well established channels for marketing of pulses in different forms were documented from the region, for furthering the pulses from producer to consumers. The following channels were documented from the region.

• 1. Producer- Aggregator- Trader- Processer- Whole seller- Retailer- Consumer
• 2. Producer – Aggregator cum Trader- Processer- Whole seller- Retailer- Consumer
• 3. Producer – Aggregator- Trader cum Processer- Whole seller- Retailer- Consumer
• 4. Producer – Village trader- Aggregator- Trader- Processer- Whole seller- Retailer-Consumer

Fig. Value chain map of chickpea in Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh state

IV. Sector specific program- Tribal Sub Plan

For enhancing pulse production for food, nutritional security and rural livelihoods of tribal farmers of Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh state, 11910 nos of demonstrations on improved pigeon pea, urd bean and mung bean production technologies were conducted in different districts of Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh during 2011-12 to 2024-25.

Available Infrastructure

• Institute Museum
  The institute museum is located in and maintained by Division of Social sciences. Institute museum is a state of the art museum on pulse crops that depicts the pulse production technologies developed the Institute as well the major focus research area. In addition, the displays placed at museum also depict the institute’s mandate, time line, presence in the country and major milestones achieved.

• Training hall
  A fully equipped training hall with a seating capacity of 75 people is available at division of social sciences. The training hall has fully functional multimedia projection facilities with internet connectivity.

Services

• Trainings
  Upgrading the skills and knowledge of farmers, extension officials, input dealers and similar other stakeholders with regard to latest technical knowhow related to pulse crops is important for envisioning the increased pulse production and productivity in the country. Division of social sciences is engaged

• • Training hall
    A fully equipped training hall with a seating capacity of 75 people is available at division of social sciences. The training hall has fully functional multimedia projection facilities with internet connectivity.

in organizing customized trainings on all important aspects of pulse production to the stakeholders.

• Farmers Fair 2025 organized by RLBCAU, Jhansi (19-20 Feb 2025)
• Akhil Bhartiya Kisan Mela evam Krishi Udyog Pradarshani, 2024, CSAUA&T, Kanpur (24-25 Oct., 2024)
• Farmers Fair 2024 organized by BUAT, Banda (19-20 Oct., 2024)
• Regional Agriculture Fair 2024, RLBCAU, Jhansi (08-10 Feb., 2024)
• National Agriculture Fair, 2024, ICAR-IIVR, Varanasi (03-05 Feb., 2024)
• National Agriculture Fair Eastern Region, 2024 ICAR-NISA, Khunti, Jharkhand (03-05 Feb., 2024)
• Akhil Bhartiya Kisan Mela evam Krishi Udyog Udyog Pradarshani, CSAUA&T, Kanpur(24-25 Oct., 2024).
• Farmers Fair, 2023, BUAT, Banda (27-29 Nov., 2023)
• Regional Agriculture Fair 2020-21, BUAT, Banda (20-22 Feb., 2021)

• Pulketu Farmer Producer Company, Kanpur Dehat: 350 shareholders
• Udrenah Farmer Producer Company, Kanpur Dehat: 350 shareholders
• Skyfed Farmer Producer Company, Fatehpur: 306 shareholders
• Sehkar Farmer Producer Company, Fatehpur: 345 shareholders
• Rajpur Organic Farming Producer Company, Kanpur Dehat: 386 shareholders
• Vratdhara Farmer Producer Company, Kanpur Nagar: 750 shareholders
• Ugta Farmer Producer Company, Kanpur Dehat: 820 shareholders
• Effective and efficient dissemination of improved pulse production technologies among the farmers.

Research Achievements-Computer Application & IT/strong>

Software/Databases/Portals developed

A. PulsExpert: An Expert System for Identification and Control of Diseases/Insect-pests in Pulse Crops

• PulsExpert is a web-based expert system developed for major pulse crops grown in India viz., Chickpea, Pigeonpea, Mungbean, Urdbean, Lentil and Pea.
• It incorporates all the modern features like automatic knowledge acquisition interface, knowledge acquisition from multiple experts, knowledge retrieval, and incorporation of feedback from users and farmers.
• Automatic knowledge acquisition system of PulsExpert provides a user-friendly interface to the domain expert for entering, storing, and structuring the domain-specific knowledge.
• The knowledge base of the system contains up-to-date information about 24 major diseases and 33 major insect-pests of pulses appearing right from seedling to maturity.
• The system provides a user-friendly interface to farmers and asks the textual as well as pictorial symptoms in the form of question-answers.
• On the basis of answers, PulsExpert diagnoses the pulse crop diseases/insect-pests along with its confidence factor and suggests the most appropriate control measures which are composed of cultural practices as well as chemical controls.
• The user operates the system through the screens of a graphical user interface. The entire process involved in disease diagnosis and treatment is done in three phases: Preliminary diagnosis, Final diagnosis, and Suggesting control measures.

Publication : Devraj, Jain renu and Deep Vikas. 2018. Development and
Implementation of an Expert System for Insect-pests Management in Pulses.
Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 88(7): 1083-1087

B. Online Data Submission & Retrieval System for MULLaRP

• Online data submission and retrieval system for coordinated research trials in MULLaRP crops has been developed.
• The system facilitates users to reduce time and cost in data collection, data compilation, data analysis, and report generation.
• The system has three online functional modules viz., Plant Breeding Data Entry & Submission Module, Data Analysis Module, and Report Generation Module.
• Data Entry & Submission module has facilities for entering/storing data related to data booklet details, general notes on growing conditions, and data on yield, days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, 100-seed weight, and plant height.
• Data Analysis module performs RBD analysis, and Report Generation module generates reports of information sheets and location-wise data based on crop, trial, zone, and location.
• The system has been developed using ASP.NET with C# as the front-end and SQL Server 2005 as the back-end.

 

Publication : Devraj, Dixit, G.P., Katiyar, P. K. and Gupta Sanjeev. 2016. Design
and implementation of on-line data submission and retrieval system for coordinated
research trials in food legumes. Legume Research 2: 137 – 146

C. Database and Information System for Plant Genetic Resources for Pulse Crops

• • Database contains data on 1097 chickpea, 1058 pigeonpea, 550 mungbean, 734 urdbean and 480 accessions of fieldpea germplasm including agronomical, morphological & other traits.
  • System is web-based, user-friendly, menu driven and allows users to store, modify & delete germplasm information and perform search operations efficiently.
  • System has two components one for data management and other for generating queries and reports. Germplasm Data Management Module has been designed for data entry, data updation and data submission. The Germplasm Report Generation Module has been developed to retrieve/search germplasm information based on single character or combination of more than one characters.
  • System provides statistical summary for each evaluation descriptor and its various descriptor states.
  • Total 4 main reports have been designed for retrieval of information: 1. Qualitative report 2. Quantitative report 3. Query-based report 4. Detail report.

 

Publication : Devraj, Singh Deepak, Kumar Hemant and Katiyar, P. K. 2014. Design
and development of web based database of urdbean germplasm. Int. J. Agri. Stat. Sci. 10
: 193-199.
Publication: Devraj, Singh Deepak and Pratap A. 2016. Online Database and
Information System for Mungbean Germplasm. Legume Research-An International
Journal 39(3): 349-354.

 

D. Web-based Commodity Profile for Pulses(CPP Portal)

Web-based commodity profile for Pulses is a digital platform developed on the available information related to improved production/protection technologies. This platform caters the information needs of exporters and farmers through the production and trade statistics. Another feature of the web-based data management platform is the indexing of mandi prices of chickpea from regulated market yards (from Agmarknet). Policy makers can directly access area, production, productivity trends and futuristic projections based on long-term data analysis. Information related to soil data, weather data, Minimum Support Prices(MSP), Breeder Seed Production(BSP), major export destinations and major import sources, and IT Crop Planner/Crop Calendar would be utilised for the development of data management portal for pulse crops.

Contents on production statistics (area, production and productivity), trade statistics (import and export), Minimum Support Price (MSP), Crop Calendar, Mandi prices for Chickpea have been developed and analysed. A user-friendly structure has been created for digital platform. A home page for the system viz., commodity profile for pulses has been designed and linking with the developed contents (Fig.). The system operates on LINUX and Windows operating system. MySql and APACHE used for database management server and web server, respectively. PHP Script for server side scripting and HTML, CSS & J query (JavaScript) for client side scripting has been used in developing the system.

Publication : Devraj and Sah Uma. 2016. Development of Web-based Commodity Profile for Chickpea. Pulses Newsletter: July-September, 27(3):6.

 

E. Farmer Mobile-based Applications for Pulses on mKRISHI Platform

Under this collaborative project with Tata Consultancy Services (TCS), a pilot has been designed to focus on best package of practices for ensuring better returns in major pulses viz., Chickpea, Pigeonpea, Mungbean, Urdbean, Lentil, Fieldpea and Rajmash through digital connect with farmers. The project was designed with the aims viz., Two way interactive system between the farmers and the scientists & other stakeholders, Enable farmers to timely receive information/advisory about disease/insect-pest, critical micro-climate, weather information in local languages and facilitate better production and protection practices for major pulses. Different templates have been designed for data collection- Master data, Farmers, Best practices, Ask queries. Database structures have been developed for Farmer Mobile App services and Expert web console. The information/details were collected from 500 farmers of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka and registered in the ICAR-IIPR mKRISHI System. A web-based platform (web console) has been customized for Farmer Management, Knowledge Management, Advisory Management, Information Management and Support Services (Fig. 2). Contents related to the best practices for Chickpea and Pigeonpea have been collected in English & Hindi languages and shared in the customized platform.

 

F. Seed Information System for Pulses (Pulses Seed Hub Portal)

Seed information system for pulses (Seed Hub Portal) has been developed, tested and refined for implementation. A prototype software has been developed for retrieval of seed hub information system using WAMP (Windows, Apache, Mysql and PHP) technology. System architecture contains three-tier architecture viz., client-side interface layer, server-side application layer and database layer. System has 3 basic functional modules viz., Database Design Module, Data Management Module and Report Generation Module. Contents on detail of Seed hub centres, Seed target, Seed production, Seed lifting, revolving fund, expenditure incurred, Seed balance, etc. have been collected, analysed and stored in digital format. An user-friendly structure has been created and different links have been customized for development of digital platform. Total 5 database forms (viz.,Centre details form, Seed target/production form, Seed sale/distribution form, Revolving fund form and Infrastructure development form) have been designed for data entry, updation, submission and analysis. Total 7 reports (viz., Centre details report, Seed target/production report, Seed sale/balance report, Revolving fund report, Infrastructure development report, Target/production graphical report and Seed availability report) were also generated. System provides the information needs of farmers, researchers, exporters and policy makers and also serve as an information highway for sharing the availability of the pulses seed in the country through the developed portal.

 

G. Pulse_Genebank: A Germplasm Resources Information System for Pulses

Different characteristics of germplasm data for major pulse crops maintained/stored in IIPR Gene Bank were collected and processed using digital format. A Germplasm resources Information System for Pulses (Pulse_GeneBank) has been developed. An user-friendly interface for data entry has been designed for entry of data related to different locations & characters of germplasm accessions allows users to store, modify & update information and perform search operation efficiently. Total 5030 accessions (Chickpea: 1633; Pigeonpea: 793; Lentil: 1721; Fieldpea: 678; Cowpea: 106; Rajmash: 63 and Horsegram: 49) have been entered the information in the database through different forms (Location-wise and Character-wise). System has developed using WAMP (Windows, Apache, Mysql and PHP) technology. System has two components one for data management and other for generating queries and reports. Queries & reports have been designed for retrieval of information viz., Location-wise report, Character-wise report, Dashboard, Query-based report, Detail report. Database and information system for Institute Gene Bank(Pulse_GeneBank) has been developed, maintained, implemented and uploaded on URL (https://seedhubiipr.wp.urdemo.website/admin/login.php). System provides the information need of researchers, exporters and policy makers and also serve as an information highway for sharing pulses geremplasm information through digital platform.

 

H. Pulses E-Data Book 2025

State-wise pulses production data for chickpea, pigeonpea, mungebean, urdbean lentil, pea and total pulses was collected for the period 1980-81 to 2024-25. State-wise/Zone-wise data were analyzed on the basis of means, growth patterns, instability, decomposition analysis and grouping on the basis of parameters identified (viz., less area-low yield, more area-high yield, less area-high yield and more area-low yield). State-wise database and information system has been designed, developed and tested using different test cases and has been implemented also at the Institute level. The same system is available on Institute website for its access/download data in the form of E-data book. “Pulses E-Data Book 2025” is available on Institute’s website.

2. Copyrights/Trademark registered

A. Copyrights

• 1. Copyright of Software “PulsExpert: An Expert System for identification and control of diseases/insect-pests in pulse crops” (Registration No. L-65177/2017 dated 17-3-2017 )

• 2. Copyright of Software “IRS-MULLaRP” (Registration No. SW-10474/2018 dated 20-4-2018 )

• 3. Copyright of Software “Germplasm Information System for Pulse Crops” (Registration No. SW-10469/2018 dated 18-4-2018)

• 4. Copyright of Portal “Pulses Seed Hub Portal”- Registration No. SW-18412/2024 dated 12-3-2024.

• 5. Copyright of Software “Commodity Profile for Pulses”- Registration No. SW-19563/2024 dated 14-10-2024.

B. Trademark
Trademark of Logo “PulsExpert” (Trade Mark No. 3229366 dated 6-4-2016, Class No. 42, Published on 4-12-2019)

Research Achievements: Agricultural Statistics

• Weather Variable Selection for Whitefly Population prediction modelling: The backward elimination method used to identify the most crucial meteorological variables for developing a prediction model for the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius).The method aids in the selection of a model with fewer variables by eliminating those that are less pertinent, thereby enhancing precision and mitigating model complexity. In the pursuit of achieving a balance between simplicity and model fit, the conventional 5% level of significance (p-value ≤ 0.05) was utilized along with six weather variables—maximum temperature, minimum temperature, evaporation rate, sunshine hour, rainfall, and evening relative humidity. Through an iterative elimination process, it was determined that only three variables—minimum temperature, sunshine hours, and evening relative humidity—significantly contributed to the prediction model. Subsequently, these three variables were retained for predicting whitefly population counts, while the remaining less relevant variables was safely discarded. The model was found to be around 74 per cent accurate in predicting the dynamics of whitefly.
• Timeseries forecast modeling for whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius): Auto regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) time-series model was employed to model and forecast whitefly populations. Stationarity of the data was confirmed via the Augmented Dickey-Fuller test, which was significant at 5%. Based on the Auto correlation Function (ACF) and Partial Auto Correlation Function (PACF), several ARIMA models were fitted, with the model parameters p=1, d=0, and q=6. Among the fitted models, ARIMA (1,0,2) was identified as the most suitable, based on the lowest σ² and Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) values.
• Online data submission and retrieval for AICRP: To make the process of data collection, compilation & analysis smooth and easier, an user-friendly interface has been developed for online data entry and updation for AICRP plant breeding trials for AICRP Rabi/Chickpea and hosted at IASRI web server with link https://aicrp.icar.gov.in/chickpeaform/ and for AICRP Kharif/Pigeonpea and hosted at IASRI web server with link https://aicrp.icar.gov.in/pigeonpeaform/.
• Statistical computing code for posthoc procedure for alpha design: For large number of treatments in agricultural field experiment it is difficult to maintain within block homogeneity and incomplete block alpha design is used for conducting IVT trials for AICRP chickpea crop trials. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) usually is done to test the significance of genotypic lines and posthoc test procedure is an integral part of ANOVA pair wise comparison. Statistically significant result in ANOVA indicates that not all of the group means are equal. However, ANOVA results do not identify which particular difference between pairs of means are significant. A SAS (Statistical Analysis System) code is written to get data analysis of alpha design and post-hoc procedure for pair-wise comparison. As there is more than one Least Square Difference (LSD) value in alpha design and it is cumbersome and difficult to get frequency for subsequent promotion and ranking of genotypic line which is better than check. This computing code gives p-vlaues for each of the pairwise comparison and easy to find the frequency and ultimately rank of the genotypic lines.
• AMMI based simultaneous selection for yield and stability of chickpea genotypes in south zone of India: AMMI model decomposition has been used to developed an index, as it captures large portion of GEI sum of squares. Yield index has been computed by taking ratio of each genotype to the average of all the genotypes. Stability index/information has been computed by taking reciprocal of sum of squares that represents genotype. The combined index is linear combination of yield and stability index.
• Growth, instability and time series decomposition of price indices of pulses in India: Price analysis of pulses helps to understand trends, variability and seasonality in price series which is useful for different stakeholders such as farmers, consumers, traders and policy makers. Seasonal indices revealed that price indices of pulses were higher during the months of October and November along with higher variability during these months.
• Growth, Instability and Decomposition Analysis of Lentil Production in India: The compound growth rates of area, production and yield of lentil was found positive and the area, production and yield instability were of low order. Decomposition analysis reveals that overall the change in production is due to all the three component yield, area and interaction of yield and area
• Developed “CompGR” to compute Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR)
• Growth Analysis of Pulses in India: Most of the districts showing positive growth rate in area under lentil, chickpea, black gram, and green gram cultivation in Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Bihar, and Uttar Pradesh. Further, all the 9 agroclimatic zones of UP witnessed positive growth rate in pigeonpea yield during post NFSM implementation period (2007-2023).
• Prediction tool for antimicrobial proteins in pulses: A genome-wide search for detection of antimicrobial proteins such as alpha/beta thionins, hevein-like peptides (Chitin Binding Domain), glycine-rich peptides, snakins, gamma thionin, lipid transfer protein-1, and lipid transfer protein-2 in the 8 legumes (chickpea, pigeonpea, mungbean, blackgram, common bean, field pea, cowpea and lathyrus). The results confirm the presence of five classes of AMPs, such as Heveins (70), Snakins (197), LTP-1 (750), LTP-2 (850), and Gamma Thionin (100) in all the selected legumes.